Which sociologist is associated with the Strain Theory in the context of organized crime?

Robert Merton is the sociologist associated with Strain Theory, which is particularly relevant in the context of organized crime. Merton's Strain Theory posits that societal structures can pressure citizens to commit crimes. He argued that when individuals are unable to achieve culturally valued goals through legitimate means—such as education or employment—they may resort to alternative, often illegal means to attain success. This perspective is especially applicable to organized crime, where individuals or groups may engage in criminal activities as a means to overcome the barriers to success imposed by societal limitations.

Merton outlines five modes of individual adaptation to strain: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. Those who innovate may turn to crime, including organized crime, as a creative solution to their inability to reach societal goals through permissible methods. This framework helps to explain why certain populations might be drawn into organized crime as a response to economic and social pressures.

In contrast, the other sociologists mentioned have distinct focuses; for instance, Emile Durkheim studied the idea of anomie and its social implications, while Cesar Lombroso is known for his theory on criminals and physical anthropology. Max Weber's work centered on authority, social action, and the manifestation of power. While their contributions